INTEREST-RATE IN AMERICAN INDIAN AND HISTORY (TIBES)

APACHE TRIBE

Apache is the name of the Indian tribes who resided in the Americas. They are a powerful and has a reliable strategy of war.This tribe is hostile to white people. In the battle against thewhites they always win. The first defeat occurred in 1886.

Apache tribe formerly lived in southwestern Mexico andsoutheastern Arizona. More recently, they move from north to south America. This tribe consists of several major groups, among which are the Mescalero, Mogollon, Coyotero, Arivaipa,Naisha, Tchishi, Faraone, Lanero, Gileno, Chiricahua, Mimbreno,and Tchikun. At present the population of this tribe remaining onlyas many of 11,000 spread across Oklahoma, Arizona, and NewMexico.

The history of enmity with White

Apache Tribe is one of the family of Indian tribes that lived in the Americas. This tribe can be regarded as indigenous tribes thathave existed since ancient times prior to Christopher Columbus discovered the American continent.

Since the arrival of Columbus, the white people came to America to then stay and settle there. The arrival of white men was initiallywelcomed by the Indians. They held a special honor as sacred to the coming of the whites. But over time, the white people began to seize lands owned by Indians. They were treated unfairly andcruelly, often bloodshed.

The Indians were forced away from his homeland, they were oftenpursued and expelled from their territory. Not a few Indian tribeswho bought the land without pay. Sometimes the land is barteredwith goods that have been worthless can not be used again as a reward. And in the end the Indians were forced to flee to jungleoutposts, to avoid the cruel actions of the white man.

Persitiwa tersebutlah background, to this tribe of Apachehostilities continued to fly the flag with the white man. Because oftheir deep sense of disappointment that kill every white manencountered.

Inevitably, there was a massacre committed by whites against those Indians. Of course these tribes ultimately defeated,because they face are the ones with an advanced civilization,which has a full arsenal such as pistols and rifles. So that thepopulation of the tribe and the tribe apache inidan particularlydiminishing, and most of them living in the interior.

Sioux

Sioux are Native American and First Nations people in North America. This term can refer to a single ethnic group in the Great Sioux Nation or any of the many dialects of the language of that nation. Sioux consists of three main divisions based on the Siouan dialect and subculture:
Isáŋyathi or Isáŋathi ("Knife," is derived from the name of a lake in Minnesota right now): located in the extreme east of the Dakota, Minnesota and northern Iowa, and is often referred to as the Santee or Eastern Dakota.
Iháŋkt ȟ uŋwaŋ and Iháŋkt uŋwaŋna ȟ ("Village-in-the-end" and "little village-at-end"): located in the Minnesota River area, they are regarded as the Sioux medium, and is often referred to as the Yankton and Yanktonai, or, collectively, as Wičhíyena (endonym) or Western Dakota (and have been erroneously classified as "Nakota").
Thit ȟ uŋwaŋ or Teton (not sure, maybe "dwellers on the Prairie": This is the ancient name among the natives, who prefer to call themselves Lak ȟ Ota) western Sioux, known for their hunting and warrior culture, often referred to as the Lakota .
Today, the Sioux maintain many separate tribal governments scattered over several reservations, communities, and reserves in the Dakotas, Nebraska, Minnesota, and Montana in the United States, and Manitoba and southern Saskatchewan in Canada.

Name origins

The name "Sioux" is an abbreviated form of Nadouessioux borrowed into French Canadian from Nadoüessioüak from early Odawa exonym: naadowesiwag "Sioux". Jean Nicolet recorded use in 1640. The Proto-Algonquian form * na • wa • Towe, meaning "Northern Iroquoian" has reflexes in several children's language that refers to a small snake (massasauga, Sistrurus).This information is interpreted by some that the Ottawa borrowing was an insult. However, this proto-Algonquian term most likely is ultimately derived from the form *- Towe  °, meant only to "speak a foreign language", later extended in meaning in some Algonquian languages ​​to refer to the massasauga. Thus, contrary to many accounts, the Odawa word naadowesiwag parents do not equate the Sioux with snakes. It is not confirmed though, because the use of previous decades has led to this term has negative connotations to those tribes in question. This would explain why many tribes have rejected this term as an exonym.
Some tribes have formally or informally adopted traditional names: Rosebud Sioux Tribe is also known as Oyáte Sičháŋǧu, and the Oglala often use the name Oglála Lak ȟ Oyáte Ota, not English "Oglala Sioux Tribe" or OST. English alternative spellings Ogallala is considered improper.
Sioux historically refers to the Great Sioux Nation as Šakówiŋ Očhéthi (pronounced [otʃ ʰ et ʰ i ʃakowĩ]), meaning "Seven Council Fires". Each fire symbolic of oyate (people or nation).Seven countries consisting of Sioux are: Bdewákaŋthuŋwaŋ (Mdewakanton), Wa ȟ péthuŋwaŋ (Wahpeton), Wa ȟ pékhute (Wahpekute), Sisíthuŋwaŋ (Sisseton), which Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ (Yankton), Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna (Yanktonai) Thit ȟ uŋwaŋ (Teton or Lakota) . The Seven Council Fires would assemble each summer to hold council, renew service, decide on matters of race, and participate in the Sun Dance. Seven divisions would select four leaders known as Wičháša Yatápika from among the leaders of their respective divisions. Being one of the four leaders considered the highest award for a leader, but the annual meeting of the tribal government means the majority are treated by the usual leaders of each division. Last meeting of the Seven Council Fires in the year 1850.
Today Teton, Santee, and Ihantowan / Ihanktowana usually known, respectively, as the Lakota, Dakota East, or West Dakota. In one of the three main dialects, "Lakota" or "Dakota" translates to mean "friend," or better, "allies." Use of Lakota or Dakota can then refer to the alliance that once bound the Great Sioux Nation.

History

Dakota is the first record has been at the source of the Mississippi River in the seventeenth century. In 1700 some of them moved to present-day South Dakota. At the end of the 17th century, Dakota entered into an alliance with French merchants.The French are attempting to gain advantage in the struggle for the fur trade in North America against the British, who had just founded the Hudson's Bay Company.

TRIBE Iroquois

Iroquois (pronounced / ɪrəkwɔɪ /), also known as the Haudenosaunee or "People of the longhouse", is an association of some native tribes of North America. After the Iroquoian-speaking people united as a distinct tribe, based on today's most in upstate New York middle and, in the 16th century or before they come together in an association which is now known as the Iroquois League, or "League of Peace and Power" . The original Iroquois League is often known as the Five Nations, as it consists of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca nations.After the Tuscarora nation joined the League in 1722, which is known as the Six Nations Iroquois. Embodied in the Grand Council of the League, the assembly descendants fifty sachems.
When the first Europeans arrived in North America, Iroquois are based on what is now the northeastern United States, especially in what is called today as upstate New York west of the Hudson River and through the Finger Lakes region. Today, the Iroquois lived mainly in New York, Quebec and Ontario.
Iroquois League has also been known as the Iroquois Confederacy. Some modern scholars now make a distinction between the League and the Confederation. According to this interpretation, referring to the League of Iroquois ceremonial and cultural institutions embodied in the Grand Council, while the Iroquois Confederacy is a decentralization of political and diplomatic unity that emerged in response to European colonization. League is still there. Confederation was disbanded after the defeat of British and allied Iroquois nation in the American Revolutionary War.

Name

Iroquois called themselves the "Haudenosaunee", which means "People of the Longhouse," or more accurately, "They Are Building a Long House." According to their tradition, The Great Peacemaker introduced during the formation of the League's name. This implies that the nations of the League should live together as a family at home the same length. Symbolically, the Mohawk is the gatekeeper east, because they are located on the east closest to the Hudson, and Seneca are the keepers of the west door of the "tribal longhouse", the territory they controlled in New York. The Onondaga, ground water in the center of Haudenosaunee territory, is a keeper league (both literal and figurative) central flame. French colony called
Haudenosaunee as Iroquois. The name was the origin of several possibilities:
French transliteration of irinakhoiw, a Huron (Wyandot) name for the Haudenosaunee. Used in a derogatory way, it means "black snake" or "real adders". The Haudenosaunee and Huron are the traditional enemy, the Huron allied with France and trying to protect their access to the fur traders.
French linguists such as Henriette Walter, and anthropologists, such as Dean Snow, supports the following explanation. Before the colonization of French, Basque fishermen traded with the Algonquins, who is the enemy of the Haudenosaunee. The scholars at the top think "Iroquois" comes from the Basque expression, hilokoa, which means "man killer". Because there is no "L" sound in the Algonquian language of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence region, Algonquian tribes used the name for the Haudenosaunee Hirokoa. They apply this to a pidgin language they use with the Basque. French phonetic word translated in accordance with the rules of their own and arrive at the "Iroquois".

History

The establishment of the League
League members spoke Iroquoian languages ​​distinct from other Iroquoian speakers. This suggests that while different tribes Iroquoian history and culture has a common origin, they are distorted as a community for a long time that they become different languages. Archaeological evidence suggests that the ancestors of Iroquois living in the Finger Lakes region of at least 1000 AD

Having become united in the League, the Iroquois invaded the Ohio River Valley in Kentucky right now to look for additional hunting grounds. According to one theory of pre-contact, the Iroquois who, around 1200, has encouraged tribes in the Ohio River valley, such as the Quapaw (Akansea) and Ofo (Mosopelea) from the region in migrating west of the Mississippi River. But, Robert La Salle include Mosopelea between the Ohio Valley was defeated by the Iroquois in the early 1670s, during the Beaver Wars then. In 1673, Siouan-speaking groups who have settled in the Midwest, founded what is known as their historical territory. Just as the Siouan people displaced by the Iroquois, those refugees who are less powerful tribes they encountered, such as the Osage, who moved further west.
Iroquois League was established prior to major European contact. Most archaeologists and anthropologists believe that the League formed a between about 1450 and 1600. A few claims have been made for an earlier date, one study recently stated that the League was formed in 1142, based on the solar eclipse in that year that seems to fit the oral tradition. Anthropologist Dean Snow argued that archaeological evidence does not support an earlier date than 1450, and who claimed recently for dating much earlier "could be for contemporary political purposes".
According to tradition, the League was formed through the efforts of two people, Deganawida, sometimes known as the Great Peacemaker and Hiawatha. They carry messages, known as the Great Law of Peace, to the nations of Iroquoian argument.Countries that joined the League were the Seneca, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga and Mohawk. After they stop most of their disputes, Iroquois quickly become one of the strongest forces in the 17th and 18th-century northeastern North America.
According to legend, an evil Onondaga chieftain named Tadodaho is the last to be converted into the way of peace by The Great Peacemaker and Hiawatha. He became the spiritual leader of the Haudenosaunee. It is said to have occurred at Onondaga Lake near Syracuse, New York. Title Tadodaho still used to the league's spiritual leader, the head of fifty, who sat with the Onondaga in council. He is the only one of fifty have been elected by the entire Haudenosaunee. The current Tadodaho Sid Hill Onondaga Nation.

NAVAJO TRIBE

Navajo (also spelled Navaho, in the Navajo: Dine, meaning "people," or Naabeehó) (or the Dineh in common anglicization of the Navajo language term) from the Southwestern United States is the second largest Native American tribe States of the United States. In the 2000 U.S. Census, 298,197 people claimed wholly or partly of Navajo ancestry. The Navajo Nation is an independent government agency that manages the Navajo Indian reservation in the Four Corners area of ​​the United States. The Navajo language is spoken throughout the region, although most Navajo speak English well.

Early history

Until they come into contact with Spanish and pueblos, the Navajo were hunters and gatherers. They adopted farming techniques and crop of the Pueblo people, growing mainly maize, beans, and squash. As a result of Spanish influence, they began herding sheep and goats, depending on them for food and trade.They spin and weave wool sheared into blankets and clothing that can be used for personal use or trade. They also depend on their flocks for meat. Their lives depend on the sheep so much that, to the Navajo, the sheep is the currency type and size of the herd is a sign of social status.
The Navajo / Dine spoke dialects of the language family called Athabaskan. The Navajo and Apache are believed to have migrated from northwestern Canada and eastern Alaska, where the majority of Athabaskan speakers are located. The Dene First Nations, who lives near the Tadoule Lake in Manitoba to Great Slave Lake in Alberta, also speak Athabaskan languages.Although time passed, these people are reportedly still understand the language of their distant cousins, Navajo.Archaeological and historical evidence suggests that the ancestors of the Athabaskan Navajo and Apache entered the Southwest by 1400 AD. Navajo oral tradition is said to retain the reference from this migration.
Navajo oral history also seems to indicate a long relationship with the Pueblo people and the willingness to adapt foreign ideas into their own culture. Trade between the long-established Pueblo society and Athabaskans it is important for both groups. Spanish records say by the middle of the 16th century, the pueblos exchanged maize and woven cotton goods bison meat, leather and material for stone tools of good Athabaskans for those traveling or living around them. In the 18th century, Spain reported that the Navajo have a lot of livestock and large areas of crops.The Navajo probably adapted many Pueblo ideas into its own distinct culture.
The first one uses the term de Nabajo Apachu Spain in 1620 to refer to people in the Chama Valley east of San Juan River and the Northwest is now Santa Fe, New Mexico. In the 1640s, they used the "Navajo" for indigenous people. The Spanish recorded in the 1670s that they live in a region called Dinetah, about sixty miles (100 km) west of the Rio Chama valley region. In 1780, Spain sent a military expedition against the Navajo in the southwest and western regions, in the Mount Taylor and Chuska Mountains area of ​​New Mexico.
In the last 1,000 years, Navajos have a history extending their reach and refining their self identity and their significance to the other groups. This may be the result of a combination of culture endemic warfare (raids) and trade with the Pueblo, Apache, Ute, Comanche and the Spanish nation, set in the natural environment changes in the Southwest.

The name "Navajo" comes from the 18th century by the Spanish (Apache de) Navajo "(from Apache) Navajo", which comes from the Tewa navahū "field next to the abyss". The Navajo call themselves Dine, meaning "the people". Even so, most Navajo now agreed to be called "Navajo." (Old spelling of the word - "Navaho" - Navajo disliked by most in modern times).
Traditionally, like other Apacheans, is a semi-nomadic Navajo from the 16th to the 20th century. their extended kinship groups have seasonal residential areas to accommodate livestock, agricultural and collection practices. As part of their traditional economy, Navajo groups may be formed trading or raiding parties, travel relatively long distances.

Culture

Historically, the structure of Navajo society is largely matriarchal system where women are only allowed to own cattle and land.After marriage, a Navajo man would move into her house and clan, because the girls (or, if necessary, other sisters) traditionally the people who receive the inheritance of generations. Each child is said to belong to the clan mothers and become "born to" clan father. Clan system is exogamous, meaning that, and mostly still is, regarded as a form of incest to marry or date anyone from any of the four grandparents one of a clan.

CHEROKEE TRIBE

Cherokee (English pronunciation: / ʧer.ə.ki ː /, Cherokee: Ꮳ Ꮃ Ꭹ, tsalagi) is a native American people historically settled in the southeastern United States (primarily Georgia, Carolina and eastern Tennessee). Linguistics, they are part of iroquoian language family. In the 19th century, historians and ethnographers recorded their oral tradition that tells of the tribe who migrated to the south in ancient times from the great lakes region, where communities are iroquoian other language.
In the 19th century, white settlers in the United States named as one of the Cherokee "five tribal society", because they have assimilated cultural practices and a variety of technologies European American settlers. According to the census of 2000 the United States, the Cherokee nation has more than 300,000 members, the largest of 565 native American tribes are federally recognized in the United States.
Of the three federally recognized Cherokee tribes, the Cherokee and the union keetoowah band of Cherokee Indian has its headquarters in Tahlequah, oklahoma. They forcibly moved there in the 1830s. The eastern band cherokee indian qualla boundary is located at the western north carolina.

Culture

much of what is known about pre-18th-century native American culture, including the Cherokee, has come from the Spanish expedition record. Some of this work is not translated into English and available to historians until the 20th century.Moreover, the dominance of English colonists led to discount source for southeastern Spain for some time.
American writer john howard Payne writes about pre-19th-century Cherokee culture and society. The papers describe Payne's account by the elders of the traditional two-part structure of Cherokee society. A "white" organization of elders represented the seven clans. As Payne told, this group of hereditary and priests, are responsible for religious activities, such as healing, purification, and prayer. The second group of men who were younger, "red" organization, responsible for the conduct of war.The Cherokee considered the war activities of pollution, and the soldier is required purification priest class before participants could reintegrate into normal village life. This hierarchy has been lost long before the 18th century.
Researchers have debated the reasons for the change. Some historians believe that the decline in priests comes with a revolt by the Cherokee against the abuse of priestly class known as the ani-kutani. Ethnographer James Mooney, who studied the Cherokee in the late 1880s, was the first to track the decline in the hierarchy of the former rebellion ini.pada when Mooney, Cherokee structures of religious practitioners is more informal, more based on individual knowledge and abilities of the offspring.
One major source of early cultural history comes from materials written in the 19th century by didanvwisgi (Ꮧ Ꮣ Ꮕ Ꮻ Ꮝ Ꭹ), Cherokee medicine man, after Sequoyah's creation 'of the Cherokee syllabary in 1820. Initially only didanvwisgi adopted and used the material, which is considered very powerful in a spiritual sense. Then, syllables and writings are widely adopted by the Cherokee people.
Unlike most of India in the southeastern U.S. in the early historic era, Cherokee iroquoian speak a language. Because the great lakes region is the core of iroquoian speaking, scholars have theorized that the Cherokee migrated south from the area. This is supported by the Cherokee oral history tradition. According to the scholars' theory, tuscarora, others speaking people inhabited southeastern iroquoian in historic times, and the Cherokee broke away from large groups during the migration north.
Other historians argue that, viewed from the linguistic and cultural data, tuscarora people migrated south from people speaking iroquoian other large lakes in the region in ancient times. Most of the "return" to the New York area from southeast to 1722 due to war in the south. The tuscarora was recognized later by the Iroquois as the sixth nation confederation them.
Linguistic analysis showed a relatively large difference between Cherokee and north iroquoian language. Scholars place the divisions between the groups in the past, perhaps 3500-3800 years ago. Glottochronology studies showing the split occurred between about 1,500 and 1,800 sm. The Cherokee has claimed an ancient settlement in tuckasegee kituwa river, following the previous part and now qualla boundary (eastern band of cherokee reservation indian), as the original Cherokee settlement in southeast Sulawesi

Huron

Wyandot (also called the Huron) is a native of North America, known in their native language of the Iroquoian family as the Wendat. Pre-formed to contact people in the coastal area north of Lake Ontario right now, before migrating to the Gulf of Georgia. It was at the site then they that they first met explorer Samuel de Champlain in 1615.
The modern Wyandot appear at the end of the 17th century from the remnants of two earlier groups, the Huron Confederacy and Tionontate, called clues (tobacco) by the French because of their cultivation. They are located in the southern part of what is now the Canadian province of Ontario about the Gulf of Georgia. They drastically reduced by disease outbreaks after 1634 and was dissolved by the war in 1649 of the Haudenosaunee Iroquois.
Today Wyandot reserve in Quebec, Canada. In addition, they have three major settlements and regulated independent, federally recognized tribes in the United States.

culture

Like other Iroquoian people, the Huron were farmers who completed their diet by hunting and fishing. Maize (corn) is the mainstay of their diet, which is supported primarily by the fish, though they hunted and ate some venison and other meats are available during the season. She was mostly working in agriculture, although the male helps in clearing the hardest work the fields. This is usually done by a slash and burn method of clearing trees and brush. Men do most of the fish and hunt, and built houses, canoes, and tools. Every family has a plot of land they farmed; this land back into public property interest when the family no longer use it.
Huron lived in villages ranging from one to ten acres (40,000 m²), most of which are fortified in defense against enemy attacks.They lived in longhouses, similar to the Iroquoian cultural groups.Typical villages have 900-1600 people were divided in 30 or 40 longhouses. The village moved about every ten years as the soil becomes less fertile and the forests nearby, which provides firewood, grow thin. Huron he engaged in trade with neighboring tribes, especially for tobacco with clues neighbors and Neutral nation.
Tuberculosis (TB) is endemic among the Huron, exacerbated by the close and smoky living conditions in the longhouse. Huron as a whole is healthy, however; the Jesuits wrote that Huron is "more healthy than we are."

Origin, name and organization

In the early seventeenth century, this nation call themselves Iroquoian autonym Wendat, which means "inhabitants of the Peninsula" or "Islands". The Wendat's historic territory bordering on three sides by the waters of Georgian Bay and Lake Simcoe.Early French explorers called this as a native of Huron, Huron either from France ("bastard", "rough"), or from hure ("boar's head"). According to tradition, the French sailors think that spiked hairstyle of Wendat warriors similar to that of the wild boar.
The Wendat not a tribe, but a confederation of four or more tribes with mutually understandable language. According to tradition, this Wendat (or Huron) Constitution initiated by Attignawantans (People of the Bear) and Attigneenongnahacs (People Cable), the confederation in the 15th century. They were joined by Arendarhonons (Figures Rock) about 1590, and Tahontaenrats (People of the Deer) around 1610. The fifth group, which Ataronchronons (Figure Marshes or Bog), may not have achieved full membership in this confederation, and may have been a division of Attignawantan.
Largest Wendat settlement, and the Confederate capital, located in Ossossane, modern near Elmvale, Ontario. They call their traditional territory Wendake.
Closely related to those of the Huron Confederacy is Tionontate, a group whom the French called clues (Tobacco People), for the cultivation of their crops. They live further south and is divided into two groups: Deer and Wolf. Considering that they form the core of the tribe became known as the Wyandot, they also may call themselves Wendat.

ADA TIGA MACAM KEBENARAN

Apa itu kebenaran,…?

Kebenaran subyektif, melibatkan emosi dan keyakinan pengamatnya.

Kebenaran objektif mengamati apa adanya tanpa melibatkan emosi pengamatnya.

Kebenaran realitas adalah realitas yang berada dibalik pengamatan

Untuk menjelaskan hal ini kita melihat suatu drama kehidupan sbb:

Rombongan masa membawa seorang wanita pelacur yang akan menjalani hukuman rajam kehadapan Yesus. Yesus katakan ” siapa diantara kalian yang tidak pernah berbuat salah, dialah yang paling dulu melemparkan batu kepada perempuan ini ” Mereka semuanya saling pandang, lalu pergi satu-persatu, sehingga tinggal pelacur dengan Yesus. Yesus katakan pergilah kamu, jangan berbuat demikian lagi.

Kebenaran subyektif adalah wanita itu pendosa, tuna susila, pelacur, dan harus dihukum. Kebenaran itu dibentuk oleh opini masyarakat yang dibangun oleh pemimpinnya berdasarkan pandangan moralitas, budaya, dan ajaran agama mereka.

Kebenaran objektif adalah ” prempuan itu mencari nafkah dengan menjual jasa pelayanan sexual” Didalam masyarakat modern,dimana hak azasi manusia dijunjung tinggi, kebenaran objektif berlaku umum. Misalnya wanita Indonesia memakai pakain minim dalam konstes kecantikan, di Indonesia diharamkan karena mereka memandang dari sudut keyakinan mereka. Di dunia barat hal seperti itu biasa-biasa saja, karena berpakain itu merupakan hak asasi manusia, tidak bisa dibatasi oleh keyakinan sesorang atau kelompok mayoritas. Dalam hal moralitas, sasarannya adalah wanita, karean perempuan pihak yang lemah.

Kebenaran relitas ialah, Yesus melihat perempuan itu menjalani kehidupannya seperti apa yang tersurat. Kebenaran ini hanya bisa dilihat oleh mereka yang mempunyai penglihatan bathiniah. Perempuan ini sama sekali tidak bersalah, apalagi berdosa, karena dia menjalani program kehidupannya yang diberikan Allah kepadanya. Untuk dapat melihat kebenaran realitas ini, anda harus bisa masuk kedalam alam realitas, pintu masuk kedalam alam realitas adalah bathin anda. Untuk dapat melihat pintu itu bathin anda harus diberishkan.

Contoh lain : Waktu Yesus menyembuhkan orang buta, masyarakat bertanya apakah orang buta sejak lahir ini karena perbuatan dosanya dimasa lalu, atau karena dosa orang tuanya.

Kebenaran subyektif, orang buta sejak lahir karena dosa.

Kebenaran objectif ” orang ini buta sejak lahir “

Kebenaran realitas : jawaban Yesus ” bukan karena dosanya, bukan pula karena dosa orang tuanya, tetapi karena demikianlah yang tersurat .

Kata “tersurat” adalah kata spirtitual yang dipakai Yesus. Dalam bahasa sekarang ialah “cetak biru” atau program yang telah disusun. Program itu bersifat universal, termasuk kehidupan anda, bahkan kehidupan burung pipit yang harganya tiga ekor setali sudah termasuk dalam program. Jika rambut anda gugur satu batang saja, sudah ada dalam program, demikian cermatnya program itu, sehingga tidak ada artinya pikiran anda untuk membuat program baru dalam hidup anda. Anda hanya perlu menjalani program itu, tidak perlu memikirkan program baru untuk merubah program aslinya, pekerjaan yang sia-sia.

Kebenaran realitas itu bukan untuk membenarkan kata2 saya, tetapi sudah dikatakan Yesus dua ribu tahun yang lalu, tetapi baru sekarang saya bisa melihatnya. Untuk dapat melihat alam realitas Yesus memberi resep ” bersihkan bagian luar cawanmu , bagian dalamnyapun akan bersih” Kalimat ini juga masih terbungkus , saya akan kupas dilain kesempatan.

Contoh lain : Lao Tse melihat alam realitas, “dari mana alam ini muncul, dan kemana alam ini lenyap” Karena belum ada namanya, Lao Tse memberi alam ini Tao. Seorang Resi melihat alam ini, dia sebut itu Sat, tetapi bukan seperti sat yang kita ketahui, karena dia memiliki kepribadian, maka itu dia katakan bukan sat, dari situ terbentuklah kata “sat asat” yang maknanya sat tetapi bukan sat.. Bahasa sekarang, saya sebut alam itu “kekosongan” Kekosongan itupun bukan dalam pengertian umum, perlu penjelasan lebih lanjut.

SEBELUM MEMASUKI HUTAN

Berkegiatan alam bebas, utamanya para penyuka pendakian gunung ataupun hiking, pasti akan mudah sekali memasuki kawasan hutan, karena itu adalah bagian dari alam bebas yang harus di temui. Banyak dari para petualang yang tersesat ataupun mengalami hal - hal yang tak diinginkan saat telah berada di dalam hutan, seperti tersesat ataupun terkena aneka penyakit yang disebabkan oleh "penunggu dan penjaga" hutan. Berikut ini tips sebelum memasuki hutan, semoga bermanfaat.

Hutan, baik geografis atau tipologis, memiliki keadaan dan tantangan lingkungan berbeda. Keadaan alam liarnya menjadi daya tarik para penikmat alam. Bagaimanapun alasannya, kehidupan di alam bebas memiliki berbagai kemungkinan dan keadaan tidak menentu. Mulai dari kondisi tanah, cuaca, hewan, tumbuhan, air terbatas, terutama kemampuan adaptasi manusia. Pengetahuan keadaan tak menentu ketika berada di alam bebas, disebut jungle survival , sangat dibutuhkan para petualang walau sekadar menyalurkan hobi. Kemampuan diri sangat menunjang keselamatan, sekaligus agar wisata alam liar kita berjalan baik.

1. Siapkan perbekalan sesuai kebutuhan. Rencanakan kegiatan dan ikuti prosedur yang berlaku. Tetap berkelompok, jangan mengasingkan diri.

2. Siapkan sikap dan mental. Jangan mudah panik, disiplin, berpikir jernih, dan optimis agar selalu waspada dan membuat keputusan dengan tenang. Siapkan keyakinan dan kepercayaan diri. Miliki kemampuan belajar dari pengalaman dan alam sekitar, pengetahuan lingkungan rimba, laut, serta pengetahuan cukup pada biologi dan ekologi.

3. Pelajari tumbuhan yang bisa dikonsumsi dan dijadikan obat. Konsumsi tumbuhan yang sudah dikenal dan masak lebih dahulu agar aman. Jangan mengkonsumsi tumbuhan dengan warna yang menyolok ( biasanya putih atau kuning ), berbau tidak enak, dan tidak memiliki getah susu. Biasanya tumbuhan berbahaya hidup menyendiri, berduri dan pahit. Tumbuhan yang bisa dikonsumsi, di antaranya : gadung ( Uwi, dioscorea hispida ), buah senggani ( harendong, malastoma polyantum ), sintrong atau gynura arrantiaca, rebung bambu, pisang, jamur kuping, dan jamur tiram. Sebagai saran, jadikan kelapa sebagai menu utama agar aman untuk bertahan hidup.

4. Ketahui tumbuhan obat sebagai pengobatan pertama ( P3K ). Simplisia nabati atau tumbuhan obat banyak hidup di alam Indonesia. Biasanya diketahui dari mulut ke mulut dan menjadi obat tradisional masyarakat. Beberapa tumbuhan obat yang biasa digunakan di antaranya: Daun kaki kuda atau antanan untuk obat sariawan, batuk, sakit perut. Daun dan biji muda kaliandra bisa digunakan untuk obat sariawan. Daun sembung manis untuk sakit perut dan panas. Ki Urat, numpong, getah kamboja untuk mengobati luka, bengkak, keseleo.

5. Hati - hati dengan beberapa tumbuhan di bawah ini, terutama jika kontak langsung dengan bagian tubuh Anda. Di antaranya: Pulus atau kemadu, ingas atau rengas, raweh atau rarawean, dan buah aren mentah, yang akan menimbulkan iritasi kulit, gatal-gatal, kulit panas dan bengkak. Biji jarak membuat kepala pusing, mencret, selalu buang air besar, dan muntah - muntah. Bunga dan daun kecubung, jamur psilocybe sp dapat menimbulkan halusinasi. Seluruh bagian pohon picung atau pangi dan jamur amanita verna sangat beracun dan mematikan.

6. Ketahui jenis hewan yang bisa dijadikan makanan. Pelajari habitat, bentuk fisik, makanan, pola tingkah hewan itu, dan cara menangkapnya. Hewan lebih sulit ditemukan daripada tumbuhan sebagai sasaran makanan. Sebagian besar binatang liar bisa dikonsumsi. Tetapi hindari hewan yang memiliki duri, memiliki alat penyengat, berwarna menarik dan menyolok, dan serangga yang memiliki bulu. Sebagai saran, berburu ikan itu lebih aman.

7. Sebaiknya hindari beberapa hewan di bawah ini. Karena mengandung racun dan berbahaya bagi keselamatan manusia. Di antaranya: Nyamuk agas, biasa hidup bergerombol di rawa dan rimba. Nyamuk malaria, penyebab penyakit malaria. Gigitan semut api yang biasa merayap di tanah dan dedaunan, membuat panas dan gatal pada kulit. Sengatan lebah atau tawon, kalajengking, lintah atau pacet, dan kelabang. Terutama hindari kontak dengan harimau, macan, ular, dan buaya.

8. Jagalah kaki tetap kering, karena beresiko infeksi jika basah terlalu lama disebabkan air yang tidak higienis. Konsumsi air jernih dan telah dimasak. Jika terpaksa minum air mentah, maka gunakan daun lebar untuk mengumpulkan air hujan atau embun. Potongan bambu biasa digunakan untuk menampung air hujan.

9. Gunakan kayu bakar dari pepohonan dan tumbuhan yang mengandung terpetin, seperti ranting kering, kayu kering, getah pohon pinus, dan getah pohon damar. Buatlah api untuk penerangan, penghangat, memasak, penghilang takut, menghindari hewan buas, dan sebagai alat isyarat bagi orang lain.

10. Jika anda tersesat, usahakan kembali ke jalur semula. Gunakan tanda sebagai jejak ketika telah melewati jalur tertentu, di ranting, pohon, atau tanah. Berjalanlah di punggung gunung, biasanya jalur daki menggunakan punggungan sebagai jalur. Hindari jalur lembah yang akan membuat anda sulit dilihat orang lain. Turunlah ke sungai hanya untuk mengambil air, karena binatang liar menjadikan sungai sebagai sumber kehidupan mereka.

Itulah tips sebelum memasuki hutan, semoga bisa di terapkan. Tentu banyak hal yang tak disebut di atas bisa terjadi secara mendadak, karena alam tak bisa di tebak, silahkan dalami dan lebih berhati - hati. Selamat berpetualang!